Faculty Name :- Dr. Seema Shukla

class I year 

Subject Vocational Tally 

GROUP NAME	LEDGER NAME
Purchase Accounts	All types of Purchase Accounts like  Purchase Local 12 % Purchase Interstate 12% Purchase Local 0% Purchase Interstate 0% Purchase (Composition) Purchase Exempt (Unregistered Dealer) Purchase Local (Exempt Registered) Purchase Taxable (Unregistered Dealer) Purchase Nil Rated (Unregistered Dealer) Purchase Reverse Charge Purchase Import Taxable 12% Purchase Import Exempt Purchase Import Nil Rated Purchase (Own Branch) Purchase Return
Sales Account	All types of Sales Accounts like Sales Local 12 % (Registered) Sales Interstate 12% Sales Local Nil Rated Sales Interstate Nil Rated Salers Export With Bond Salers Export Taxable Export (0%) Sales Local (Exempt Registered) Sale To Consumer (Taxable 12%) Sale To Consumer (0%) Sale To Consumer (Exempt) Sales (Own Branch) Sale Return
Duties and Taxes	All types of Taxes like INPUT CGST SGST IGST CESS OUTPUT GST SGST IGST CESS Excise Duty Payable etc Service Tax Payable TDS Payables Input Vat Accounts Output Vat Accounts Cen vat Accounts Sale tax Income Tax VAT Payable
Direct Expenses OR Expenses(Direct)	Tally Ledger List Purchase Accounts Sales Account Duties and Taxes All expenses which appear in Trading Account (except purchases) like Direct Expenses OR Expenses(Direct) Labor Power Electricity Expense (Factory) Loading Unloading Expense Warehousing Expenses Custom Clearing Charges Carriage Freight & Cartage Import duty Wages Coal & Fuel Coal, Gas & Water of Factory Consumed Material Export Duty Wages on Production Delivery Charges (In Purchase Bill
Indirect Expenses OR Expense(Indirect	All Indirect Expenses like Rounded Off Salary Advertisement Expense Maintenance Expense Rent Expense Director Remuneration Expense Bad Debts Printing Expense Stationary Expense Foreign Exchange fluctuation Audit Fees Professional Charges Legal Expenses/Charges Depreciation Expenses Interest Expense Penalty Royalty Bank charges Commission allowed Discount allowed Donation & charity Free sample Insurance premium Interest on loan Legal charge Loss by fire Postage & courier Repair charge Taxi fare Telephone charge Travelling expenses Outstanding expenses Accrued expenses Bad debt Loss on theft depreciation Coffee Expenses Coke Expenses Manager's Commission UPTT Fuel Expenses A/c Liability of Expenses Preliminary Expenses A/c Professional Fees
Indirect Income OR Income(Indirect)	All Indirect Income like Discount Received Interest on Investment
Already Created in Tally	Interest on Investment Only 2 Accounts Already Created like Cash Profit and Loss Account
Bank Account	All types of deposits like Security Deposit Electricity Deposit Rent Deposit
Capital A/c	All types of Capital Account like Share Capital Partner Capital Account Partner Current Account Proprietor Account Drawings Life insurance Equity Capital A/c Partners Capital A/c
Current Assets	Prepaid Maintenance Expense Prepaid Expense Prepaid Rent Prepaid Insurance Charges Interest Receivables Bill receivable Accrued income Mutual Fund CGST SGST IGST Credit
Current Liabilities	Bill drawn  Bill Payable CGST SGST IGST Payable
Sundry Creditor	any Party from Whom Goods Purchased  Party from Whom any Bill of Expense Received
Loans and Advances (Assets)	any Party to whom we gave loan  like Loan Given to Friends Relatives/Related Companies  Any Party to whom we gave Advance like Advance to Supplier
Loans Liabilities	Any Party from whom we take loan.  We can also put group Secured loan or Unsecured loan  Debenture A/c Loans from Bank Loans From Outside Party  Loans From Aravind(Friend)
Fixed Assets	All Fixed Assets on which Depreciation charged like  Furniture  Machine Plant and Machinery Mobile  Computers  Furniture and Fittings Car Scooter  Laptops Office lighting Land & Building   Good will Factory lighting  Air Conditioner Accumulated depreciation
Bank OCC	Cash Credit Limit (CC) taken from bank
Bank OD	Overdraft Limit (OD) taken from bank
Branch/Divisions	Any Branch whose Separate Accounting Done (If branch account maintained by head office only, then this account not required) Delhi Branch Branch in division
Cash in Hand	Imprest Account (Cash kept with Employee) Petty Cash
Investments	All types of Investments like Investment in Shares Investment in Bonds Investment in Property/Plot etc. Long term investment Short Term Investment
Stock-in-hand	Stock Closing Stock Consignment Stock Opening Stock
Misc. Expense (ASSET)	Preliminary Expenses NOT yet written off
Suspense A/c	uspense Account Any payment or receipt from party whose name not known Suspense
Secured Loan	Loans for whom Security Given like loan from bank/ Financial Institution
Unsecured Loan	Loans taken for whom no Security given Like Short term loan from directors or loan from friends /relatives
Reserve & Surplus	Any type of reserve like General Reserve Capital Reserve Capital Reserve A/c Investment Allowance Reserve A/c Share Premium A/c Reverse and Surplus
Provisions	Provisions All Provisions except Provisions for bad debts Provision for Tax Provision for Expense Provision for Sinking Fund All types of Payables like Salary Payable, Audit fees Payable,
Sundry Debtors	any Party to Whom Sales Made Provision for Bad Debts
Retained Earring	General Reserve Share Premium Any other Reserve
Direct Incomes OR Income(Direct)	Any Income from main service like Freight Charges Income Delivery Charges Income Transpiration Charges Income Professional Charges Income Consultancy Charges Income Maintenance Service Income

Faculty Name Seema Shukla 

Class II nd year 

Subject Vocational 

Taxation

Definition of Taxation

Taxation is the process by which governments impose compulsory financial charges, known as taxes, on individuals and businesses. These taxes are a primary source of revenue used to fund public services such as education, healthcare, infrastructure development, and social welfare programs. Common forms of taxation include income tax, sales tax, property tax, and capital gains tax.

Purpose of Taxation

The main purposes of taxation are as follows:

• Funding Public Services: Taxes finance essential government functions, including education, healthcare, transportation, defense, and public administration.
• Redistribution of Wealth: By imposing higher tax rates on higher-income groups, taxation helps reduce income inequality and supports social welfare initiatives.
• Regulation of Economic Activity: Taxes can influence economic behaviour by encouraging desirable activities through incentives or discouraging harmful activities through higher tax rates.
• Economic Stabilization: Taxation, as part of fiscal policy, helps control inflation, manage economic fluctuations, and promote sustainable economic growth.

Types of Taxes

Taxes are generally classified into two main categories:

1.    Direct Taxes: These taxes are directly levied on individuals or organizations, such as income tax and corporate tax. The tax burden cannot be shifted to another party.

2.    Indirect Taxes: These taxes are imposed on goods and services, such as sales tax and value-added tax (VAT). The burden of these taxes can be transferred to consumers through higher prices.

Taxation is a vital component of a country's financial system. It enables governments to provide essential public services, regulate economic activities, and promote social equity. A proper understanding of taxation helps citizens fulfil their financial obligations and better comprehend the broader economic environment.

 

कराधान (Taxation)

कराधान की परिभाषा

कराधान वह प्रक्रिया है जिसके अंतर्गत सरकार नागरिकों और व्यवसायों पर अनिवार्य वित्तीय शुल्क (कर) लगाती है। ये कर राजस्व का मुख्य स्रोत होते हैं, जिनका उपयोग शिक्षा, स्वास्थ्य सेवाएँ, अवसंरचना विकास और सामाजिक कल्याण योजनाओं जैसी सार्वजनिक सेवाओं के लिए किया जाता है। आयकर, बिक्री कर, संपत्ति कर और पूंजीगत लाभ कर कराधान के प्रमुख रूप हैं।

कराधान के उद्देश्य

कराधान के प्रमुख उद्देश्य निम्नलिखित हैं:

• सार्वजनिक सेवाओं के लिए धन जुटाना: करों के माध्यम से सरकार शिक्षा, स्वास्थ्य, परिवहन, रक्षा और प्रशासन जैसी आवश्यक सेवाओं के लिए धन उपलब्ध कराती है।
• धन का पुनर्वितरण: उच्च आय वर्ग पर अधिक कर लगाकर आय असमानता को कम किया जाता है और सामाजिक कल्याण कार्यक्रमों को समर्थन मिलता है।
• आर्थिक गतिविधियों का नियमन: कर प्रोत्साहनों या दंड के माध्यम से कराधान आर्थिक व्यवहार को प्रभावित करता है।
• आर्थिक स्थिरता बनाए रखना: कराधान, राजकोषीय नीति का एक महत्वपूर्ण साधन है, जो मुद्रास्फीति को नियंत्रित करने, आर्थिक उतार-चढ़ाव को संभालने और आर्थिक विकास को बढ़ावा देने में सहायक होता है।

करों के प्रकार

करों को सामान्यतः दो प्रमुख श्रेणियों में विभाजित किया जाता है:

1.    प्रत्यक्ष कर: ये कर सीधे व्यक्ति या संस्था पर लगाए जाते हैं, जैसे आयकर और निगम कर। इन करों का भार किसी अन्य पर स्थानांतरित नहीं किया जा सकता।

2.    अप्रत्यक्ष कर: ये कर वस्तुओं और सेवाओं पर लगाए जाते हैं, जैसे बिक्री कर और मूल्य वर्धित कर (VAT)। इन करों का भार उपभोक्ताओं पर डाला जा सकता है।

अंततः कराधान सरकार की वित्तीय व्यवस्था का एक महत्वपूर्ण आधार है। यह न केवल आवश्यक सार्वजनिक सेवाओं और अवसंरचना के विकास में सहायक है, बल्कि आर्थिक नियमन और सामाजिक समानता को भी बढ़ावा देता है। कराधान की समझ नागरिकों को अपनी वित्तीय जिम्मेदारियों और व्यापक आर्थिक व्यवस्था को बेहतर ढंग से समझने में मदद करती है।